1 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative. I heard a loud voice from the temple declaring to the seven angels: “Go and pour out on the earth the seven bowls containing God’s wrath.”tn Or “anger.” Here τοῦ θυμοῦ (tou qumou) has been translated as a genitive of content.

2 Sotn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the directions given by the voice from the temple. the first angeltn Grk “the first”; the referent (the first angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. went and poured out his bowl on the earth. Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. ugly and painful sorestn Or “ulcerated sores”; the term in the Greek text is singular but is probably best understood as a collective singular. appeared on the peopletn Grk ‘the men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women. who had the mark of the beast and who worshiped his image.

3 Next,tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “next” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the second angeltn Grk “the second”; the referent (the second angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl on the sea and it turned into blood, like that of a corpse, and every living creature that was in the sea died.

4 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the third angeltn Grk “the third”; the referent (the third angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl on the rivers and the springs of water, and they turned into blood.

5 Nowtn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the somewhat parenthetical nature of the remarks that follow. I heard the angel of the waters saying:

6 because they poured out the blood of your saints and prophets,

7 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. I heard the altar reply,tn Grk “the altar saying.” “Yes, Lord God, the All-Powerful,tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.” your judgments are true and just!”

8 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the fourth angeltn Grk “the fourth”; the referent (the fourth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was permitted to scorch peopletn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women. with fire.

9 Thustn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun. peopletn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women. were scorched by the terrible heat,tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. καῦμα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.” yettn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context. they blasphemed the name of God, who has ruling authoritytn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35. over these plagues, and they would not repent and give him glory.

10 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the fifth angeltn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast so thattn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out. darkness covered his kingdom,tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.” and peopletn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women. began to bitetn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασάομαι states, “bite w. acc. τὰς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.” their tongues becausetn The preposition ἐκ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense. of their pain.

11 They blasphemed the God of heaven because of their sufferingstn Grk “pains” (the same term in Greek [πόνος, ponos] as the last word in v. 11, here translated “sufferings” because it is plural). BDAG 852 s.v. 2 states, “ἐκ τοῦ π. in pain…Rv 16:10; pl. (Gen 41:51; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 146; Test. Jud. 18:4) ἐκ τῶν π. …because of their sufferings vs. 11.” and because of their sores,tn Or “ulcerated sores” (see 16:2). but neverthelesstn Grk “and they did not repent.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but nevertheless” to express the contrast here. they still refused to repenttn Grk “they did not repent” The addition of “still refused” reflects the hardness of people’s hearts in the context. of their deeds.

12 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. the sixth angeltn Grk “the sixth”; the referent (the sixth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates and dried up its watertn Grk “and its water was dried up.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one. to prepare the waytn Grk “in order that the way might be prepared.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one. for the kings from the east.tn Grk “from the rising of the sun.” BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατολή 2.a takes this as a geographical direction: “ἀπὸ ἀ. ἡλίου…from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12; simply ἀπὸ ἀ. …21:13.”

13 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. I saw three unclean spiritssn According to the next verse, these three unclean spirits are spirits of demons. that looked like frogs coming out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet.

14 For they are the spirits of the demons performing signs who go out to the kings of the earthtn BDAG 699 s.v. οἰκουμένη 1 states, “the inhabited earth, the world…ὅλη ἡ οἰκ. the whole inhabited earth…Mt 24:14; Ac 11:28; Rv 3:10; 16:14.” to bring them together for the battle that will take place on the great day of God, the All-Powerful.tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”

15 (Look! I will come like a thief!

16 Nowtn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the resumption and conclusion of the remarks about the pouring out of the sixth bowl. the spiritstn Grk “they”; the referent (the demonic spirits, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity. gathered the kings and their armiestn Grk “gathered them”; the referent (the kings and [implied] their armies, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity. to the place that is called Armageddontc There are many variations in the spelling of this name among the Greek mss, although ῾Αρμαγεδών (&armagedwn) has the best support. The usual English spelling is Armageddon, used in the translation.tn Or “Harmagedon” (a literal transliteration of the Greek), or “Har-Magedon” (NASB), meaning “the Mount of Magedon” in Hebrew. in Hebrew.

17 Finallytn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “finally” to indicate the conclusion of the seven bowl judgments. the seventh angeltn Grk “the seventh”; the referent (the seventh angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity. poured out his bowl into the air and a loud voice came out of the temple from the throne, saying: “It is done!”

18 Thentn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision. there were flashes of lightning, roaring,tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).” and crashes of thunder, and there was a tremendous earthquake – an earthquake unequaled since humanitytn The singular ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used generically here to refer to the human race. has been on the earth, so tremendous was that earthquake.

19 Thetn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. great city was split into three parts and the cities of the nationstn Or “of the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”). collapsed.tn Grk “fell.” Sotn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Babylon’s misdeeds (see Rev 14:8). Babylon the great was remembered before God, and was given the cuptn Grk “the cup of the wine of the anger of the wrath of him.” The concatenation of four genitives has been rendered somewhat differently by various translations (see the note on the word “wrath”). filled with the wine made of God’s furious wrath.tn Following BDAG 461 s.v. θυμός 2, the combination of the genitives of θυμός (qumo") and ὀργή (orgh) in Rev 16:19 and 19:15 are taken to be a strengthening of the thought as in the OT and Qumran literature (Exod 32:12; Jer 32:37; Lam 2:3; CD 10:9). Thus in Rev 14:8 (to which the present passage alludes) and 18:3 there is irony: The wine of immoral behavior with which Babylon makes the nations drunk becomes the wine of God’s wrath for her.

20 Everytn Grk “And every.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. island fled awaytn Or “vanished.” and no mountains could be found.sn Every island fled away and no mountains could be found. Major geographical and topographical changes will accompany the Day of the Lord.

21 And gigantic hailstones, weighing about a hundred poundstn Here BDAG 988 s.v. ταλαντιαῖος states, “weighing a talent…χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία a severe hailstorm with hailstones weighing a talent (the talent=125 librae, or Roman pounds of c. 343 gr. or 12 ounces each) (weighing about a hundred pounds NRSV) Rv 16:21.” This means each hailstone would weigh just under 100 pounds or 40 kilograms. each, fell from heaventn Or “the sky.” Due to the apocalyptic nature of this book, it is probably best to leave the translation as “from heaven,” since God is ultimately the source of the judgment. on people,tn Grk “on men,” but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in a generic sense to refer to people in general (the hailstones did not single out adult males, but would have also fallen on women and children). but theytn Grk “the men”; for stylistic reasons the pronoun “they” is used here. blasphemed God because of the plague of hail, since ittn Grk “the plague of it.” was so horrendous.tn Grk “since the plague of it was exceedingly great.”